Operating photovoltaic systems safely with high availability
Grounded PV arrays
Solve the blind spot issue
Using a fuse on grounded solar arrays for ground-fault protection can create the "blind spot" issue - a ground fault on the already grounded conductor of a PV array may not drive sufficient current to trip the fuse. Additional faults can go undetected and may cause unexpected behavior, leading to a high risk of fire.
Bender's ground-fault relays detect low-level AC and DC ground faults on grounded arrays by using a differential measurement method, mitigating the blind spot issue. Advanced technology alerts technicians to conditions that may lead to damage to equipment or fire.
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Ground-fault protection installed at the inverter:
Recommended systems for ground-fault location:
Measuring relays and protection equipment - Part 127: Functional requirements for over/under voltage protection
VDE-AR-N 4105
Anwendungsregel:2011-08 Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz Technische Mindestanforderungen für Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz
CEI 0-21
Regola tecnica di riferimento per la connessione di Utenti attivi e passivi alle reti AT ed MT delle imprese distributrici di energia elettrica (Reference technical rules for the connection of active and passive consumers to the HV and MV electrical networks of distribution Company)
C10/11
Specifieke technische aansluitingsvoorschriften voor gedecentraliseerde productie-installaties die in parallel werken met het distributienet
BDEW
DIN V VDE V 0126-1-1
Selbsttätige Schaltstelle zwischen einer netzparallelen Eigenerzeugungsanlage und dem öffentlichen Niederspannungsnetz
G83/2
Recommendations for the Connection of Type Tested Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in parallel with Low Voltage Distribution Systems
G59/2
Recommendations for the Connection of Generating Plant to the Distribution Systems of Licensed Distribution Network Operators
G59/3
Recommendations for the Connection of Generating Plant to the Distribution Systems of Licensed Distribution Network Operators
PV power plants <= 50 kW
Electrical safety at home
In small photovoltaic systems, protection of the house residents and possible operators (fire department, chimney sweep) is very important. The inverters are mostly factory-equipped with the appropriate safety equipment. They are only safe enough if they can also detect symmetric faults caused by moisture and dirt. At the point of transfer between the internal network and the general power grid, the voltage and frequency must be checked at a predefined range.
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Recommended System for ground-fault detection (ungrounded systems):
Recommended measuring and monitoring relays:
Measuring relays and protection equipment - Part 127: Functional requirements for over/under voltage protection
DIN EN 61557-8
Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 v a.c. and 1 500 v d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures - Part 8: Insulation monitoring devices for IT systems
Network and system protection
Safe voltage and frequency levels
Before internal generation systems (photovoltaics, water power, CHP, biogas, etc.) can feed electrical energy into the public grid, an automatic switching point must be installed between the generation system and the low voltage network. This checks whether the frequency and voltage fed in are within the specified range. The three-phase voltage monitoring relay is used to pre-configure numerous standard specifications at the touch of a button.
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Recommended measuring and monitoring relays:
CEI 0-21
Regola tecnica di riferimento per la connessione di Utenti attivi e passivi alle reti AT ed MT delle imprese distributrici di energia elettrica (Reference technical rules for the connection of active and passive consumers to the HV and MV electrical networks of distribution Company)
VDE-AR-N 4105
Anwendungsregel:2011-08 Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz Technische Mindestanforderungen für Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz
VDE-AR-N 4110
Anwendungsregel:2018-11 Technische Regeln für den Anschluss von Kundenanlagen an das Mittelspannungsnetz und deren Betrieb (TAR Mittelspannung)
C10/11
Specifieke technische aansluitingsvoorschriften voor gedecentraliseerde productie-installaties die in parallel werken met het distributienet
BDEW technical guideline 2008 incl. amendments until 01.2013
DIN VDE 0126-1-1/A1
Selbsttätige Schaltstelle zwischen einer netzparallelen Eigenerzeugungsanlage und dem öffentlichen Niederspannungsnetz (Norm wurde zurückgezogen und durch DIN VDE V 0126-1-1 ersetzt)
G59/2
Recommendations for the Connection of Generating Plant to the Distribution Systems of Licensed Distribution Network Operators
G59/3
Recommendations for the Connection of Generating Plant to the Distribution Systems of Licensed Distribution Network Operators
G83/2
Recommendations for the Connection of Type Tested Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in parallel with Low Voltage Distribution Systems
G83/3
Recommendations for the Connection of Type Tested Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in parallel with Low Voltage Distribution Systems
G99/1
G98/1